More About Cartilaginous Fish

 Bony fish drink a lot of seawater to stay hydrated. Sharks have  a life strategy that requires slow growth to a relatively large size. While ,completely opposite fish demonstrate rapid growth and achieve maturity faster.

Cartilaginous fish are slow reproducing, and bony fish are fast reproducers.

Some sharks grasp the females pectoral fins, or bite and hold onto the body.

What are Cartilaginous Fish

What makes cartilaginous fish different from other fish? Skeletons made of cartilage, an example of that is the heart and blood.

 List of cartilaginous fish.

• Skates
• Chimaeras
• Rays
• Bull sharks
• Banjo shark.

 What is special about the sharks eye?
They have muscles that cal roll the eye back into the socket for protection.


What are the differences between bony fish and cartilaginous fish:
Heart and Blood - Sharks have fewer red blood cells, Bony fish have a bone marrow for hemopoiesis.
External features - Shark skin is covered by dermal denticles. Bony fish are covered in flat scales. 
Digesting and Evacuation - Bony fish have two seperate openings, a rectum and an anus. Sharks kidneys & genitals empty into only one opening called the cloaca

Marine Anthropods

Female Rock Crab

Marine Anthropods

1. What are examples of marine arthropods? The Northern Lobster, Spiny Lobster, Slipper Lobster, Female Rock crab, Spotted cleaner Shrimp , Acadian Hermit Crab.

2. Whats the difference between an arthropods Skeleton and a Human? Anthropods shed from their Exoskeleton and onto a new one.

3. Compare/Contrast how antropods and huans move blood in their circulation system? Arthropods don't have arteries, veins, or capillaries to carry blood. They Pump blood through open spaces  (sinuses) within the animal.

4. How do the eyes of arthropods differ from your eyes? Arthropods have compound eyes & detect motion unlike humans that specialize with detail.

5. How do humans use marine arthropods? We eat them.

Spiny Lobster

Slipper Lobster

Northern Lobster

Nine Major Animal Phyla

The nine major animal phyla's are 

• chordates (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals)

•  echinodermata(sea stars, sea urchins)

•  mollusks(clams, snails, oysters, octopus)

•  arthropoda(insects, spiders, crustaceans)

•  annelida(earthworm, leech, sandworm)

•  nematoda (Roundworms) 

• platyhelminthes (planaria, tapeworms)

•  coelenterates(jellyfish, hydras, corals)

•  porifera(sponges).

The types of habitat that species can be found in are freshwater, marine, and terrestrial; while in some cases the species can be found in all environments. Some species do not have digestive systems, however if they do its either complete or incomplete.I have never seen a species in phyla.

End of the Line

Big Question: Why should we humans be concerned about overfishing?

Cod, haddock, tuna, salmon, and prawns are the "Big Five" fish that we eat all the time.

One reason for not eating shark or deep  water fish is because they're slow growing which means that it takes a quite some time to breed, and can also be exposed to over exploitation. 

Some fish that we can eat are anchovy, cockle, arctic char, and pangasius. Occasional fishes to fish are flounder, grey mullet, white marlin, and plaice. The fishes to avoid are salmon, scampi, sea bass and caviar

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Energy Flows Through Ecosystems

1. Primary Producers are on the first level more known as the 1st trophic level. Primary producers are the organisms that produce organic compounds from atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide, principally through the process of photosynthesis. In simpler terms, primary producers  use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis.



2. The second trophic level is made up of herbivores and they feed only on plants.

3.Predators make up the 3rd trophic level because they feed in the things from the previous levels.

Animal Habitat Structure

Hypothesis: I think Eelgrass' density affects the abundance of species in an ecosystem because I think it has the ability to cure fungal disease within the depths of the ocean, and I also believe its can be used for insulation. So the more dense, or the more of eelgrass there's more shelter and species.Hypothesis Support

Hypothesis Support

Introduction to San Diego Bay

The location of the San Diego Bay is obviously in San Diego County, also near the US-Mexico border. The size of bay is about 19 kilometers or in simpler terms, 12 miles long. 

An interesting fact about the 'The bay' it used to be the base headquarters of major ships for the United States Navy, until the US entered World War II and then the headquarters became Pearl Habor, Hawaii.

 The San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex is located in Seal Beach, Tijuana Slough, and Sweetwater Marsh.
 The purpose of the San Diego National Wildlife is to support habitats as diverse as coastal marshes and uplands, oak woodlands, freshwater marshes in south San Diego Bay.

Some of the activities that occur in the bay are like the Big Bay Boom, which is held on the fourth of July, you can also go on cruises, visit shops and go to museums.

 The South San Diego Bay restoration and enhancement project dredges former salt ponds to create tidal channels and tidal influence.

The Surface Water &Global Temperature

Thermal Inertia: San Francisco and Norfolk, Virginia are on the same latitude meaning they are the same distance from the equator. However San Francisco is warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer than Norfolk, Virginia is because of the air. The air in San Francisco has moved over the ocean, while Norfolk is over land.

Temperatures moderated on water take much longer than air to heat up and longer to cool. Therefore, on hot days, water (oceans,lakes, rivers) absorbs heat keeping the air somewhat cooler. When air gets cool, water slowly releases heat to the atmosphere raising the air temperature.

The Chemistry of Water

Water molecules are bonded because each hydrogen nucleus is bound to the central atom  by a pair of electrons that are shared between, and chemists call this a covalent chemical bond (shared electron pair)


The positive charge forms where the hydrogen ends and the negative charge forms at the oxygen end of the water molecule.

The chemistry of water that allows an insect to walk on water is called surface tension

What's unique about water is that it is able to change from a liquid to a solid, and form liquid to gas.

Sediment Cores & History

The author of this article is Alyson Santoro, and she is studying the microbes in the nitrogen cycle.

The technique that she uses is called a multicore, in which they drop a multibeam and get samples out of it.

The samples get pushed into the coldaun-measure and oxygen concentration at different depths in the core and then take samples of carbon hydrogen.

The name of the research vessel is the RSS Melville

Economic Importance of Marine Sediments

Bellwork questions:

Some products that come from sediments are toothpaste, paint, swimming pool filters, and building materials for roads and structures.

1/3 of the worlds energy comes from sediments (oil & gas)


Sand and Gravel is extremely important because they are valued at more than $510 Million!

Webquest Questions

Sediments are classified by two groups, either clastic or chemical. Then from there it differentiates between the type of rock, texture, composition and type.

There are four types of sediments. Lithogenous, Biogenous, Hydrogenous, and Cosmogenous. 

Lithogenous- derived from rock, which is also pelagic so it settles away from the water column and will be most prevalent away from land
Biogenous- A sediment consisting of the shells and skeletons of dead organisms. (Calcium carbonate)
Hydrogenous- are formed by precipitation of minerals from the ocean’s water or can be formed as a new mineral
Cosmogenous- extraterrestrial in nature and are generally like miniature meteorites. These sediments are the remains of impacts of large bodies of space material (such as comets and asteroids). 

Marine Sediments by tianna.brown12 on GoAnimate

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Abyssal Plains & Hills

The definition of an abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor.

Abyssal plains are usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge,

 Abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface.

 They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions

Adaptations of Sea Caves

1. Some typical adaptation for these animals are lack of pigmentation, reduction in the size of eyes or absence of eyes altogether, development of sensory mechanisms that do not depend on light for detecting food or predators.

 2. Oxygen is not plentiful in the caves because photosynthesis does not exist because of the lack of light; as well as low water circulation, yet the creatures still adapt.

3. Adaptations occur because they happen at random events and if there's an advantage the organisms is more likely to survive and reproduce than other organisms

4. This happens because anchialine caves tend to be oxygen depleted because no photosynthesis does not occur.

Essential Questions: Sea Floor NOAA

The NOAA stands for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and they map, protect, and manage the waters while updating older nautical charts

The sonar echo allows the ship to collect information from the sea floors by emitting 3500 pings; however the intensity of the sonar echo can tell if the sea floor is hard, soft, sandy, coral, or other soft plants.

The R.O.V helps the scientist by understanding the sonar data, by sending videos and still images which eventually all is combined.

These studies are important to society because we need to know what lies beneath our ocean floor, as well as methods of preservation.

Bathymetry

1. Bathymetry is the measure of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes. Bathymetric maps and topographic maps are similar, however topographic map lines connect points of equal elevation. Bathymetric maps show the shape and elevation of land features.

2.  Oceanographers mapped the ocean in the past by throwing a heavy rope over the side of a ship and recoding the length of rope it took to reach the seafloor, unfortunately the results were inaccurate and incomplete.

3. They now measure the ocean floor with sonar, which leaves less room for inaccuracy.


4. Multibeam echo sounders are effective because they're correct for the movements of the boat at sea which increases the measurement accuracy.

5. The thousands of seamounts were discovered in the central Pacific Ocean.

6. Their measurements support safe navigation and protect marine environments around the globe

Bathemetry by tianna.brown12 on GoAnimate

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Martinique

http://prezi.com/no1iu2bzjnu4/martinique/?kw=view-no1iu2bzjnu4&rc=ref-27670433
This is the volcano that my group: Tianna, Patricia, and Sierra, and myself presented. We researched a volcano named Martinique in the Mt. Pelee France. So take a look at our prezi for some great facts!